Career Development from a Systems Perspective: The Systems Theory Framework
At its inception in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, career development was viewed as an inherently systemic process. Systems mapping based on the Systems Theory Framework has been used at the microlevel to conceptualize the career development of individuals and at the macrolevel to conceptualize career counseling and career assessment, career education in school systems, and career research. This chapter describes developments across these fields, emphasizing the efficacy of systems mapping in understanding and negotiating the complexity of career development. The authors argue that career development practice founded on systems thinking is more likely to meet client needs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Subscribe and save
Springer+ Basic
€32.70 /Month
- Get 10 units per month
- Download Article/Chapter or eBook
- 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
- Cancel anytime
Buy Now
Price includes VAT (France)
eBook EUR 588.49 Price includes VAT (France)
Hardcover Book EUR 632.99 Price includes VAT (France)
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Career Development from a Systems Perspective: The Systems Theory Framework
Chapter © 2020
The Systems Theory Framework: A Systems Map for Career Theory, Research and Practice
Chapter © 2019
Career Counseling: Joint Contributions of Contextual Action Theory and the Systems Theory Framework
Chapter © 2015
References
- Albien AJ, Naidoo AV (2017) Deconstructing career myths and cultural stereotypes in a context of low resourced township communities. S Afr J Educ 37(4):1–12. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v37n4a1476ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Bateson G (1979) Mind and nature: a necessary unity. Dutton, New York Google Scholar
- Berger P, Luckmann T (1967) The social construction of reality. A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Doubleday Anchor, Garden City Google Scholar
- Blustein DL (1994) “Who am I?”: the question of self and identity in career development. In: Savickas ML, Lent RW (eds) Convergence in career development theories. CPP Books, Palo Alto, pp 130–154 Google Scholar
- Blustein DL (2008) The role of work in psychological health and well-being: a conceptual, historical and public policy perspective. Am Psychol 63:228–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.4.228ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Blustein DL, Spengler PM (1995) Personal adjustment: career counseling and psychotherapy. In: Walsh WB, Osipow SH (eds) Handbook of vocational psychology, 2nd edn. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 295–329 Google Scholar
- Bordin ES (1994) Intrinsic motivation and the active self: convergence from a psychodynamic perspective. In: Savickas ML, Lent RW (eds) Convergence in career development theories. CPP Books, Palo Alto, pp 53–62 Google Scholar
- Bronfenbrenner U (1977) Toward an experimental ecology of human development. Am Psychol 32:513–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Capra F (1975) The Tao of physics. Shambhala, Berkeley Google Scholar
- Capra F (1982) The turning point: science, society, and the rising culture. Simon & Schuster, New York Google Scholar
- Checkland P, Scholes J (1990) Soft systems methodology in action. Wiley, Chichester Google Scholar
- Collin A (1985) The learning circle of a research project on “mid-career change”: through stages to systems thinking. J Appl Syst Anal 12:35–53 Google Scholar
- Collin A (2006) Conceptualising the family friendly career: the contribution of career theories and a systems approach. Br J Guid Couns 34:295–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600769225ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Collin A, Young RA (1986) New directions for theories of career. Hum Relat 39:837–853. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678603900904ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Cook EP, Heppner MJ, O’Brien KM (2002a) Feminism and women’s career development: an ecological perspective. In: Niles SG (ed) Adult career development: concepts, issues and practices, 3rd edn. National Career Development Association, Alexandria, pp 168–189 Google Scholar
- Cook EP, Heppner MJ, O’Brien KM (2002b) Career development of women of color and white women: assumptions, conceptualization, and interventions from an ecological perspective. Career Dev Q 50:291–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2002.tb00574.xArticleGoogle Scholar
- Flood RL (2010) The relationship of ‘systems thinking’ to action research. Syst Pract Action Res 23:269–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-010-9169-1ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ford D (1987) Humans as self-constructing living systems. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale Google Scholar
- Ford M (1992) Motivating humans: goals, emotions, and personal agency beliefs. Sage, Newbury Park BookGoogle Scholar
- Ford M, Ford D (eds) (1987) Humans as self-constructing living systems: putting the framework to work. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale Google Scholar
- Ford D, Lerner R (1992) Developmental systems theory: an integrative approach. Sage, Newbury Park Google Scholar
- Galliott N, Graham LJ (2015) School based experiences as contributors to career decision-making: findings from a cross-sectional survey of high-school students. Aust Educ Res 42:179–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-015-0175-2ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Gysbers NC (2008) Career guidance and counselling in primary and secondary educational settings. In: Athanasou JA, Van Esbroeck R (eds) International handbook of career guidance. Springer Science & Media, New York, pp 249–263 ChapterGoogle Scholar
- Herr EL (1996) Toward the convergence of career theory and practice. In: Savickas ML, Walsh WB (eds) Handbook of career counseling theory and practice. Davies-Black, Palo Alto, pp 13–35 Google Scholar
- Hershenson D (1996) Work adjustment: a neglected area in career counseling. J Couns Dev 74:442–446. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01890.xArticleGoogle Scholar
- Holland JL (1997) Making vocational choices: a theory of vocational personalities and work environments, 3rd edn. Consulting Psychologists Press, Odessa Google Scholar
- Hulin CM (2002) Lessons from industrial and organisational psychology. In: Brett JM, Drasgow F (eds) The psychology of work: empirically driven scientific research. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 3–22 Google Scholar
- Jin L (2017) The current status of career services and professionals in Mainland China’s educational settings. In: Yoon H, Hutchison B, Maze M, Pritchard C, Reiss A (eds) International practices of career services, credentials, and training. National Career Development Association, Broken Arrow. Retrieved from https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/page_template/show_detail/139017?layout_name=layout_details&model_name=news_article
- Killeen J, Kidd JM (1996) The careers service. In: Watts AG, Law B, Killeen J, Kidd JM, Hawthorn R (eds) Rethinking careers education and guidance: theory, policy and practice. Routledge, London, pp 155–172 Google Scholar
- Király G, Köves A, Pataki G, Kiss G (2016) Assessing the participatory potential of systems mapping. Syst Res Behav Sci 33:496–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2374ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lewin K (1951) Field theory in social science. Harper, New York Google Scholar
- McIlveen P (2006) My Career Chapter: a dialogical autobiography. Unpublished manuscript, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba Google Scholar
- McIlveen P (2015) My Career Chapter and the career systems interview. In: McMahon M, Watson M (eds) Career assessment: qualitative approaches. Sense, Rotterdam, pp 123–128 ChapterGoogle Scholar
- McIlveen P, McGregor-Bayne H, Alcock A, Hjertum H (2003) Evaluation of a semi-structured career assessment interview derived from systems theory framework. Aust J Career Dev 12(3):33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841620301200306ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McIlveen P, Ford T, Dun K (2005) A narrative sentence-completion process for systems career assessment. Aust J Career Dev 14(3):30–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841620501400306ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M (1992) Examining the context of adolescent career decision- making. Aust J Career Dev 1:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841629200100106ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M (2005) Career counselling: applying the systems theory framework of career development. J Employ Couns 42:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2005.tb00896.xArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M, Patton W (1995) Development of a systems theory of career development. Aust J Career Dev 4:15–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841629500400207ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M, Patton W (2018) Systemic thinking in career development theory: contributions of the Systems Theory Framework. Br J Guid Couns 46:229–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1428941ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M, Patton W (2019a) The systems theory framework: a systems map for career theory, research and practice. In: Athanasou J, Perera H (eds) International handbook of career guidance (pp. 97–114). Springer, Dordrecht Google Scholar
- McMahon M, Patton W (2019b) The systems theory framework of career development: accommodating context, complexity and culture. In N. Arthur & M. McMahon (Eds.), Contemporary Theories of Career Development: International Perspectives and Case Applications (pp. 105–120). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge Google Scholar
- McMahon M, Watson M (2007) An analytical framework for career research in the postmodern era. Int J Educ Vocat Guid 7:169–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-007-9126-4ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M, Watson M (2010) Storytelling: moving from thin stories to thick and rich stories. In: Maree K (ed) Career counselling: methods that work. Juta, Cape Town, pp 53–63 Google Scholar
- McMahon M, Watson M (2012a) Story crafting: strategies for facilitating narrative career counselling. Int J Educ Vocat Guid 12(3):211–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-012-9228-5ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M, Watson M (2012b) Telling stories of career assessment. J Career Assess 20:440–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072712448999ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M, Watson M (2013) Story telling: crafting identities. Br J Guid Couns 41:277–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2013.789824ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M, Watson M, Foxcroft C, Dullabh A (2008) South African adolescents’ career development through the lens of the systems theory framework: an exploratory study. J Psychol Afr 18(4):531–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2008.10820232ArticleGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M, Watson M, Patton W (2013a) The my system of career influences adult version (MSCI adult): a reflection process. Australian Academic Press, Brisbane Google Scholar
- McMahon M, Watson M, Patton W (2013b) The my system of career influences adult version (MSCI adult): a reflection process. Facilitators’ guide. Australian Academic Press, Brisbane Google Scholar
- McMahon M, Watson M, Patton W (2014) Context-resonant systems perspectives in career theory. In: Arulmani G, Bakshi A, Leong F, Watts T (eds) Handbook of career development: international perspectives. Springer, New York, pp 29–42 ChapterGoogle Scholar
- McMahon M, Patton W, Watson M (2017a) The my system of career influences (MSCI – adolescent) facilitators’ guide. Australian Academic Press, Brisbane Google Scholar
- McMahon M, Patton W, Watson M (2017b) The my system of career influences (MSCI – adolescent): reflecting on my career decisions. Australian Academic Press, Brisbane Google Scholar
- Miller-Tiedeman AL (1988) Lifecareer: the quantum leap into a process theory of career. Lifecareer Foundation, Vista Google Scholar
- Miller-Tiedeman AL (1989) How not to make it and succeed: life on your own terms. Lifecareer Foundation, Vista Google Scholar
- Miller-Tiedeman A (1999) Learning, practicing and living the new careering: a twenty-first century approach. Taylor Francis, New York Google Scholar
- Mimura T (2016) The ideas and actions for social justice at the beginning of vocational guidance in Japan. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Association of Educational and Vocational Guidance (IAEVG), UNED, Madrid, Spain, November 15–18 Google Scholar
- Osipow SH (1983) Theories of career development, 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs Google Scholar
- Parsons F (1909) Choosing a vocation. Houghton Mifflin, Boston Google Scholar
- Patton W, McMahon M (1999) Career development and systems theory: a new relationship. Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove Google Scholar
- Patton W, McMahon M (2006) Career development and systems theory: connecting theory and practice, 2nd edn. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam BookGoogle Scholar
- Patton W, McMahon M (2014) Career development and systems theory: connecting theory and practice, 3rd edn. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam BookGoogle Scholar
- Patton W, McMahon M (2017) The systems theory framework of career development. In: Sampson JP Jr, Bullock-Yowell E, Dozier VC, Osborn DS, Lenz JG (eds) Integrating theory, research and practice in vocational psychology: current status and future directions. Florida State University, Tallahassee, pp 50–61 Google Scholar
- Prigogine I (1980) From being to becoming: time and complexity in the physical sciences. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco Google Scholar
- Pryor RGL, Bright JEH (2003a) Order and chaos: a twenty-first century formulation of careers. Aust J Psychol 55(2):121–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530412331312984ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Pryor RGL, Bright JEH (2003b) The chaos theory of careers. Aust J Career Dev 12(3):12–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841620301200304ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Pryor R, Bright J (2011) The chaos theory of careers: a new perspective on working in the 21st century. Taylor & Francis, Hoboken BookGoogle Scholar
- Savickas, M. L., & Lent, R. W. (Eds.). (1994). Convergence in career development theories: implications for science and practice. Palo Alto: CPP Books. Google Scholar
- Schindler N, Schreiber M (2015) German version of the my system of career influences. Aust J Career Dev 24:173–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416215578543ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Sedlacko M, Martinuzzi R-A, Røpke I, Videira N, Antunes P (2014) Participatory systems mapping for sustainable consumption: discussion of a method promoting systemic insights. Ecol Econ 106:33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.002ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Sexton TL (2012) The challenges, focus and future potential of systemic thinking in couple and family psychology. Couple Fam Psychol Res Pract 1:61–65. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027513ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Super DE (1992) Toward a comprehensive theory of career development. In: Montross DH, Shinkman CJ (eds) Career development: theory and practice. Charles Thomas, Springfield, pp 350–364 Google Scholar
- Szymanski EM, Hershenson H (2005) An ecological approach to vocational behaviour and career development of people with disabilities. In: Parker RM, Szymanski EM, Patterson JB (eds) Rehabilitation counseling: basics and beyond, 4th edn. Pro-Ed, Austin, pp 225–280 Google Scholar
- von Bertalanffy L (1950a) The theory of open systems in physics and biology. Science 111:23–29 ArticleGoogle Scholar
- von Bertalanffy L (1950b) An outline of general system theory. Br J Philos Sci 1:139–164. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/I.2.134ArticleGoogle Scholar
- von Bertalanffy L (1968) General systems theory. George Braziller, New York Google Scholar
- Vondracek FW, Fouad NA (1994) Developmental-contextualism: an integrative framework for theory and practice. In: Savickas ML, Lent RW (eds) Convergence in career development theories. CPP, Palo Alto, pp 207–214 Google Scholar
- Vondracek FW, Lerner RM, Schulenberg JE (1986) Career development: a life-span developmental approach. Erlbaum, Hillsdale Google Scholar
- Vondracek FW, Ford DH, Porfeli EJ (2014) A living systems theory of vocational behavior and development. Sense, Rotterdam Google Scholar
- Watson M, McMahon M (2015) Integrative structured interview process. In: McMahon M, Watson M (eds) Career assessment: qualitative approaches. Sense, Rotterdam, pp 199–206 ChapterGoogle Scholar
- Watts AG (1995) Applying market principles to the delivery of careers guidance services: a critical review. Br J Guid Couns 23(1):69–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069889508258061ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Watts AG (1997) The role of the market in career counselling delivery. Aust J Career Dev 6(3):29–34 ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Watts AG (2008) Career guidance and public policy. In: Athanasou JA, Van Esbroeck R (eds) International handbook of career guidance. Springer Science & Media, Berlin, pp 341–353 ChapterGoogle Scholar
- Whitehead AN (1925) Science and the modern world. Macmillan, New York Google Scholar
- Yim A, Wong S-W, Yuen M (2015) Qualitative career assessment approaches in Hong Kong. In: McMahon M, Watson M (eds) Career assessment: qualitative approaches. Sense, Rotterdam, pp 239–246 ChapterGoogle Scholar
- Young RA (1983) Career development of adolescents: an ecological perspective. J Youth Adolesc 12:401–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02088723ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Young RA, Popadiuk NE (2012) Social constructionist theories in vocational psychology. In: McIlveen P, Schultheiss DE (eds) Social constructionism in vocational psychology and career development. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam, pp 9–28 ChapterGoogle Scholar
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
- School of Education, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Mary McMahon
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Wendy Patton
- Mary McMahon